... or rather a mishmash of dates, intended to serve as an aide-memoire. I have been needed such a "frame" for a while, and thought it could be useful to share it here.
It is probably self-contradictory and confused in places (and full of typos), and some events might even be of doubtful historicity. Nevertheless, the timeline will hopefully be improved in the near future, by adding new entries and by clarifying others.
Some maps will also soon be added, and possibly some sort of concordance table of place names (modern Chinese, Tibetan...), in a separate page, with all the necessary bibliographical references that I have not been able to detail below.
05/09/2022
mid. VIth c.? - Reign of sTag bu snya gzigs at Phying ba stag rtse
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 132-136,
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 86)
ca. 582 - Split of the Köktürk Qaghanate
into Eastern and Western Türks
(Chavannes 1903b p. 219-220)
late VIth c. early VIIth c. - Reign of the btsan po gNam ri slon mtshan (b. 562?)
During his reign, the central Tibetan realms of Ngas po,
gTsang bod, and Dags po were conquered
He died from poison and his vassals revolted.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 136-143,
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 86, 95, 159-160)
605-618 - Reign of Sui Yangdi in China,
he sent an emissary to "Xifan"
(which Julien 1847 p. 103 equates to Tibetans)
605-621 - Reign of Aṃśuvarman in Nepal,
at first, he was the minister of the Licchavi king Śivadeva (590-604)
(Slusser 1982 p. 25-27, 397)
606-647- Reign of Harsha, king of Kanauj.
He sent an emissary to the Tang court through Nepal.
(Basham 1988 p. 414, Thapar 2002 p. 287-289,
Slusser 1982 p. 36)
608 - First Tibetan embassy in China, led by Sufu
(Beckwith 1987 p. 17-18)
609 - Second Tibetan embassy in China, led by Yilin
(Beckwith 1987 p. 17-18)
609 - Sui Yangdi defeated the 'A zha (ch. Tu yu hun),
they seeked refuge among the Tangut (ch. Dang xiang)
(Beckwith 1987 p. 18).
613-618 - Civil war in China,
leading to the demise of the Sui dynasty,
rebellion of Li Yuan in 617
(Lewis 2009 p. 31)
618-907 - Tang Dynasty in China
founded by Li Yuan a.k.a Tang Gaozu
(Lewis 2009 p. 33-34)
618 (or 629?)-641 - first reign of the Tibetan btsan po Khri Srong brtsan
a.k.a. Srong btsan sgam po
He succeeded to his father gNam ri slon mtshan
and faced the uprising of his vassals.
His blon chen were Khyung po spung sad zu tse,
who died after planing regicide,
and mGar sTong rtsan yul zung who denounced and replaced him.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 143-147, Beckwith 1987 p. 226-230,
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 86, 95)
621-624 - Reign of the Licchavi king Udayadeva in Nepal
He was likely appointed by Aṃśuvarman
(Slusser 1982 p. 29)
624-641 - Rule of the Ābhīra Gupta dynasty in Nepal
Formerly ministers of the Licchavi,
they took over the power, while keeping puppet kings in place.
Udayadeva was deposed and his heir, Narendradeva, took refuge in Tibet
(Slusser 1982 p. 27-30, 397)
626-649 Reign of Tang Taizong in China.
He became "heavenly qaghan" in 630
(Lewis 2009 p. 33-34)
629-645 - Xuanzang's travel
(Yang et al. 1984 p. 10-11, Van Schaik, Galambros 2012 p. 35)
632 - The kingdoms of the Supi (tib. sum pa)
and "Greater Yangtong" (tib. zhang zhung)
sent embassies at the Tang court.
Sum pa, which was probably annexed by Tibet soon after,
was subjugated by Myang Mang po rje zhang snang.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 148 Bielenstein 2005 p. 258)
632? - The Nepalese princess Bal za Khri btsun,
was given as a bride to Khri Srong btsan?
(Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 214)
634 - Tibetan emissaries were sent to China:
Khri Srong brtsan's request for a Chinese bride was rejected.
He defeated the 'A zha with an army including Yangtong people (tib. : zhang zhung),
then led an offensive against the Qiang, Tangut (ch. Dangxiang)
and raided Songzhou in 638
(Pelliot 1961 p. 3, 82-83, Bielenstein 2005 p. 227, 473, Dotson 2009 p. 81,
or ca. 637/638 ? see Beckwith 1987 p. 22-23)
640 - mGar sTong rtsan's first embassy in China.
He led negotiations for the hand of a Chinese Princess,
on behalf of the Tibetan ruler
(Beckwith 1987 p. 24, Bielenstein 2005 p. 227-228)
641-646 - Reign of the Tibetan btsan po Gung srong gung brtsan.
He was enthroned during his father Khri Srong brtsan's lifetime but died young.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 226-230,
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 86, 245 gives the following dates of reign : 636-640)
641 - mGar sTong rtsan yul zung's second embassy to China.
The Chinese princess Wencheng gongzhu arrived in Tibet.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 29, Pelliot 1961 p. 4, 6-7, 83,
Beckwith 1987 p. 24, Dotson 2009 p. 82,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 228)
642 - "Greater Yangtong" (tib. zhang zhung) embassy at the Tang court
(Bielenstein 2005 p. 258)
c. 642 - Restoration of the Licchavi dynasty in Nepal
Narendradeva regained the throne
with the support of the Tibetans
(Slusser 1982 p. 30, Dotson 2009 p. 82)
644 - An uprising of Zhang zhung, led by Lig snya shur,
was repressed by the Tibetans.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 29, Dotson 2009 p. 82,
Petech 1997 p. 230)
c. 640?- c. 655 ? First travel of Xuanzhao
from China to India (through Tibet)
(see I-tsing, Chavannes transl. 1894, p. 10-27)
c. 644/655-685 - Reign of Navasurendrāditya-nandin,
of the Paṭola Ṣāhī dynasty in Gilgit (tib. bru zha)
(Neelis 2011 p. 177)
646-649 - Second reign of the Tibetan btsan po Khri Srong brtsan
(Beckwith 1987 p. 226-230, Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 86)
648, january - Tibetans, Tiele, Turks and Tuyuhun
were invited by Tang Taizong to join an offensive against Kucha.
(Bielenstein 2005 p. 228)
648 - Tibetan offensive in India,
in support of the Chinese envoy Wang Xuance,
who had been mistreated by Harsha's successor.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 6, 84, Beckwith 1987 p. 25,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 228)
649 - Death of Khri Srong brtsan
His funeral rites were completed in 651.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 30, Pelliot 1961 p. 6, 84,
Beckwith 1987 p. 25, Dotson 2009 p. 82-83,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 73, 229)
649-677 - Reign of the Tibetan btsan po Khri Mang slon
a.k.a. Mang srong mang brtsan
(Beckwith 1987 p. 226-230,
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 86, 253)
649-683 - Reign of Tang Gaozong in China
(Lewis 2009 p. 35)
651 - Yazdgerd III was murdered.
He was the last ruler of the Sassanid empire.
His son Peroz (died ca. 679) may have settled for a time in Sistan
under Tang suzerainty,
and continued the fight against the Caliphate.
(Rezakhani 2018 p. 144-145, 182-184)
652 - Blon che mGar sTong rtsan conquered Glo bo and rTsang rhya'
(Dotson 2009 p. 84)
653-674 - Reign of Xinuluo in Yunnan (tib.: 'jang yul)
He sent his son as an emissary to the Tang court
(Backus 1981 p. 57-58)
653 - mGar sTong rtsan led a yak hunt.
sPug Gyim rtsan rma chung dispatched to Zhang zhung.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 30-31, Dotson 2009 p. 84-85,
Petech 1997 p. 230)
655 - Tibetan code of law,
written by blon che mGar sTong rtsan yul zung
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 31, Beckwith 1987 p. 27,
Dotson 2009 p. 85)
656 - mGar sTong rtsan led a stag hunt.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 31, Dotson 2009 p. 85-86)
659 - The btsan po's request for a Chinese bride was rejected.
(Bielenstein 2005 p. 229)
659-661 and 663-666 - blon che mGar sTong rtsan yul zung in the land of 'A zha.
The conquest seemed to have been finalized in 663,
and the 'A zha rulers fled to China.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 31-32, Dotson 2009 p. 86-87,
Pelliot 1961 p. 85, Bielenstein 2005 p. 229,
Beckwith 1987 p. 31)
ca. 661/663 - Tibetan conquest of the kingdoms of Wakhan (tib. gog yul)
and Bolor in Gilgit (tib. bru zha)?
(Beckwith 1987 p. 30)
661-750 - Umayyad Caliphate
(Beckwith 1987 p. 226-229)
ca. 665/670 - Tibetan conquest of Khotan
(Beckwith 1987 p. 34, Chavannes 1903b p. 122)
665-ca. 850 - Turki Shahi Dynasty in Kapiśa (Kabul)
(Sachau 1888 vol. II p. 10-14, Rezakhani 2018 p. 168,
Alram 2018 p. 12-20)
667 - Death of blon chen mGar sTong rtsan yul zung
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 32, Dotson 2009 p. 88)
668 - Tibetan fortification at Ji ma khol (ch. Da fei chuan),
south of the Kokonor.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 33, Dotson 2009 p. 88)
669 - Homage of the 'A zha people to the btsan po Khri Mang slon.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 33, Dotson 2009 p. 88)
670 - Tibetan offensive in western Tarim Basin and conquest of Aksu.
At Ji ma khol, mGar Khri 'bring btsan brod defeated a Chinese army
sent in retaliation for the Tibetan campaigns against the 'A zha.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 33, Pelliot 1961 p. 7, 86
Backus 1981 p. 26, Chavannes 1903b p. 114,
Beckwith 1987 p. 34, Dotson 2009 p. 89,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 229-230)
671 - Tibetan princess sNya mo stengs married to sNya shur sPungs rye rgyug.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 33, Dotson 2009 p. 89)
672 - Epidemy in Tibet or illness of the btsan po?
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 33, Dotson 2009 p. 89)
671-695 Yi jing's travels to India
(see I-tsing, Chavannes transl. 1894, Yang et al. 1984 p.12-13,
Van Schaik, Galambros 2012 p. 35)
675 - Tang Gaozong rejected a new Tibetan request
for a marriage alliance.
(Bielenstein 2005 p. 230)
ca. 675-676 - mGar bTsan snya ldom bu went to Zhang zhung,
then into the land of the Turks where he led military operation.
Reaffirmation of Tibetan dominion over Khotan and Kashgar.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 34, Beckwith 1987 p. 41-42,
Dotson 2009 p. 91)
676 - Death of the Tibetan btsan po Khri Mang slon.
His funeral rites were completed in 679.
Birth of Khri 'Dus srong, the son of the queen 'Bro za Khri ma lod.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 34-35, 89, Dotson 2009 p. 91-93,
Pelliot 1961 p. 9, Beckwith 1987 p. 48)
676 - A Tibetan offensive was launcher to the east of the Kokonor,
at Shanzhou, Kuozhou, Hezhou, Fangzhou…
and to the South of modern Lanzhou,
at Diezhou, and Fuzhou
A Chinese counteroffensive was repelled near the Kokonor.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 8, 87-88, Bielenstein 2005 p. 230)
677 - Tibetan control of the Tarim Basin,
Tibetan and western Turks had formed an alliance,
and launched a joint offensive against Anxi ca. 676
(Chavannes 1903b p. 74, 122, Beckwith 1987 p. 43)
677-678 - Disgrace of Rye shin Khu bul bu
and lCog la ring tsug skor.
Uprising of Zhang zhung.
Disgrace of Ra sang rje sPung rye ryung
and Khu Khri snya dgru zung.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 33-34, Dotson 2009 p. 92,
Petech 1997 p. 230)
678 - Battles between Chinese and Tibetan
in Shanzhou (east of the Kokonor)
(Beckwith 1987 p. 44)
679 - A Tibetan emissary arrived at the Tang court to negotiate a peace treaty.
The Tibetan proposition for a marriage alliance,
which seemed to have been supported by Wencheng gongzhu,
was again rejected by Tang Gaozong.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 9-10, Bielenstein 2005 p. 230)
680 - Wencheng gongzhu died.
Her funeral rites were completed in 683.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 10, 89, Bielenstein 2005 p. 230,
Bacot et al. 1946 p. 35, Dotson 2009 p. 94)
680 - Tibetan conquest of the Anrong fortress in northern Sichuan,
with the help of local Qiang guides.
After this victory over China,
several tribes of Sichuan and Yunnan seeked an alliance with Tibet.
(Backus 1981 p. 29, Pelliot 1961 p. 89)
680-870 - Rule of the Rutbil in Zabul,
(centered on Ghazni).
The kingdom became independent from the Kabul shah in 680,
and would eventually be conquered by the Arabs in 870
(Alram 2018 p. 17-19)
682- ca. 745 - Second Köktürk Qaghanate.
(Chavannes 1903b p. 282-286)
683-691 - Civil war in the Umayyad Caliphate.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 48)
683-705 - Reign of Wu Zetian in China first as dowager,
she then founded her own short lived Zhou dynasty in 690.
(Lewis 2009 p. 34, 36-39)
684 - Epidemy on cattle in Tibet,
and administrative reorganization of rTsang.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 35-36, Dotson 2009 p. 94)
685 - Death of the blon che mGar bTsan snya ldom bu,
promotion of mGar Khri 'bring btsan brod
and enthronement of Khri 'Dus srong.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 36, Dotson 2009 p. 95)
685-704 - Reign of the btsan po Khri 'Dus srong in Tibet
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 36-40, 149-150, Dotson 2009 p. 95-103,
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 86, 289-290)
687-689 - mGar Khri 'bring btsan brod led a campaign in the land of the Turks.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 36-37, Dotson 2009 p. 95-96)
688 - Tibetan princess Khri mo stengs dispatched to Dags yul.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 36, Dotson 2009 p. 96)
689 - Tibetan princess Khri bangs married to the lord of 'A zha.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 37, Dotson 2009 p. 96)
689 - In Yunnan, Langqiong (formerly allied to Tibet)
and Yongchang tribes submitted to China.
(Backus 1981 p. 32)
689-690 - Two aborted Chinese offensives against Tibet
(Pelliot 1961 p. 10, 90, Bielenstein 2005 p. 230)
692 - Tibetan offensive against China led by Bolunzan (勃論贊)
and supported by Western Turks allies.
(Chavannes 1903b p. 77)
692 - Tangut tribes left the Tibetan dominion and submitted to China,
Two Tibetan chieftains named Hesu (曷蘇 ) and Zancha (昝插)
defected to the Tang.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 53, Pelliot 1961 p. 10, 90,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 230-231)
692 - Chinese reconquest of the four garrisons
(Kucha, Kashgar, Khotan, Suyab)
(Pelliot 1961 p. 10, 90, Beckwith 1987 p. 54,
Backus 1981 p. 32-33, Bielenstein p. 231)
693 - mGar Khri 'bring btsan brod gathered an army in rTsang
and went to the land of the 'A zha
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 38, Dotson 2009 p. 98,
Beckwith 1987 p. 56)
694 - mGar sTa gu was captured by Sogdians (tib. sog dag).
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 38, Beckwith 1987 p. 86,
Dotson 2009 p. 98)
694 - The kha gan Ton ya bgo
(a.k.a. Ashina Tuizi, who claimed the western turks' throne)
paid homage to the Tibetan btsan po.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 38, Dotson 2009 p. 98)
695 - Disgrace and death of mGar bTsan nyen gung rton
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 38, Dotson 2009 p. 98-99,
Beckwith 1987 p. 57)
696 - mGar Khri 'bring defeated the Chinese near the Kokonor,
in the battle of sTag la rgya dur.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 38, 167-170, Pelliot 1961 p. 11, 92,
Dotson 2009 p. 98-99, Beckwith 1987 p. 57)
696 - Tibetan emissary sent to China to negociate a peace treaty.
(Chavannes 1903b p. 179-180, Pelliot 1961 p. 11,
Beckwith 1987 p. 58-59)
698 - mGar Khri 'bring btsan brod defeated a Chinese army in Tsong ka
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 39, Dotson 2009 p. 99-100)
698-699 - Disgrace of the mGar.
Its supporters were massacred by Khri 'Dus srong.
mGar Khri 'bring and his followers comitted suicide.
The survivors fled to China, were welcomed by Wu Zetian,
and assigned to border defense.
(Chavannes 1903b p. 182, Bacot et al. 1946 p. 39, 164-167,
Pelliot 1961 p. 11-12, 94, Beckwith 1987 p. 60-61,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 231, Dotson 2009 p. 100)
700 - Kha gan Ton ya bgo went to the land of the Turks
after having paid homage to the btsan po in 699.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 39, Beckwith 1987 p. 62,
Dotson 2009 p. 100)
700-702 - Tibetan offensive east of the Kokonor.
Liangzhou (modern Wuwei, Gansu) was raided by Khu Mang po rje in 700,
and was again the target of a Tibeto-Turkish coalition the following year.
Khri ‘Dus srong himself led armies in the area to south of Lanzhou
(southern Gansu/northern Sichuan):
at Hezhou (mod. Linxia, Gansu) in 700,
Songzhou (mod. Songpan, Sichuan) and Taozhou (mod. Lintan, Gansu) in 701 and 702,
and Xizhou (悉州, in Sichuan) in 702.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 12, Beckwith 1987 p. 63-64)
702 - A Tibetan emissary was sent to China to negociate peace
(Pelliot 1961 p. 12)
702, winter - Sum pa were levied in mDo smad.
Tibetan armies launched raids to the south of modern Lanzhou
(Beckwith 1987 p. 64)
703 - Death of Khu 'Byur lod btsan.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 40, Dotson 2009 p. 102)
703 - A Tibetan emissary arrived in China
to negociate the hand of a Chinese princess.
Wu Zetian agreed to the proposal.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 12, Bielenstein 2005 p. 231)
703-704, winter - Khri 'Dus srong led a campaign in 'Jang (modern Yunnan).
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 40, Dotson 2009 p. 102,
Beckwith 1987 p. 64, Backus 1981 p. 29)
704 - Birth of rGyal gtsug ru a.k.a. Khri lDe gtsug brtsan,
later known as Mes ag tshoms, son of Khri 'Dus srong.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 40, Dotson 2009 p. 102)
ca. 704 - Tibet faced a revolt of its southern vassal states (Nepal, India…)
(Chavannes 1903b p. 186-187, Pelliot 1961 p. 12,
Slusser 1982 p. 32-33)
704 - Tibetan and western Turk alliance at Tirmidh in Tokharestan.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 66)
704, winter - Khri 'Dus srong campaigned against Myva people,
in ‘Jang (Yunnan), but died in battle.
His funeral rites were completed in 706
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 40-41, Dotson 2009 p. 102-104,
Pelliot 1961 p. 12, 95, Beckwith 1987 p. 65)
704-705 - Reign of lHa bal pho?
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 40-41, Pelliot 1961 p. 12,
Dotson 2009 p. 103)
705 - Revolt and death of lDeg Ren pa', mNon sNang grags,
and Khe rgad mDo snang (followers of the late Khri 'Dus srong?)
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 40, Dotson 2009 p. 103)
705 - Khu Mang po rje lha zung became blon che,
but was disgraced soon after,
and replaced by dBa's Khri gzigs zhang nyen.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 41, 132, Dotson 2009 p. 103
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 95)
705 - Uprising in Se rib against Tibet.
Its king would be defeated in 709.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 41, 42, Dotson 2009 p. 103, 106,)
705-712 - "Regency" of 'Bro za Khri ma lod
(Beckwith 1987 p. 226-230,
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 87, 289)
705 - Restoration of the Tang dynasty in China
following the end of Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty
(Lewis 2009 p. 34)
706 - Peace treaty between China and Tibet
(Yihong Pan 1992 p. 127-128, Stein 1988b p. 137)
706 - Disgrace of lHo 'Dus sregs
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 41, Dotson 2009 p. 104)
707 - The people of Yaozhou (now Yao’an, in Yunnan), then supported by Tibet,
were targeted by a Tang offensive.
Tibetan iron cable bridges were destroyed.
Reprisals of the Chinese armies would eventually strengthen
Yaozhou’s rejection of Tang suzerainty
and its bonds with Tibet, and their.
Another Chinese attack in 710 was repulsed by a combined Yaozhou-Tibetan force
(Backus 1981 p. 36-37, Pelliot 1961 p. 15)
708 - Funerals of the btsan mo Ga tun
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 41, Dotson 2009 p. 105)
710 - Zhang bTsan to re lhas byin at the Tang court.
He led negotiations for the hand of a Chinese princess.
Jincheng gongzhu arrived in Ra sa.
(Chavannes 1903b p. 206, Bacot et al. 1946 p. 42,
Dotson 2009 p. 106, Pelliot 1961 p. 13, 96,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 232)
711 - Disgrace of Chog ro Khong ge.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 42-43, Dotson 2009 p. 107)
712-728 - Rule of Shengluopi in Yunnan (tib. 'jang)
(Backus 1981 p. 58)
712-755 - Reign of Khri lDe gtsug brtsan
a.k.a. Mes ag tshoms
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 43, 150-152, Beckwith 1987 p. 226-230
Dotson 2009 p. 107-128, Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 86, 339)
712-756 - Reign of Tang Xuanzong in China
(Lewis 2009 p. 34, 40-44)
712 - Death and funerals of 'Bro za Khri ma lod.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 43, Dotson 2009 p. 107)
712 - Sindh conquered by Muhamad Ibn al-Qasim.
According to Duanlin Ma (XIIIth c.),
about a year later ambassadors from central India
requested help at the Tang court to fight the Arabs and the Tibetans
(Julien 1847 p.111, Basham 1988 p. 414, Gabrieli 1965)
714 - A Tibetan offensive in Gansu, led by Bendayan and Qilixu ,
targeted Lanzhou, and Weizhou (渭州).
Although Tibetans suffered heavy loss in 717
in a battle on the banks of the Huang he,
they still raided the area each year until 727.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 15-17, 96-97, Beckwith 1987 p. 89)
ca. 715-738 - reign of the Türgesh qaghan Sulu
(ar.: Abu Muzahim)
(Beckwith 1987 p. 85)
ca. 715/720 - reign of Surendrāditya
of the Paṭola Ṣāhī dynasty,
in Gilgit (tib. bru zha),
recognised by Tang Xuanzong in 717.
(Neelis 2011 p. 177, Beckwith 1987 p. 87)
715 - Reign of Aluṭâr (阿了達 Aliaoda) in Ferghana.
Placed on the throne by an arabo-tibetan coalition,
he was overturned after a Chinese intervention reinstated the former king,
but seemed to be back in power by 721.
(Chavannes 1903b p. 148-149, Beckwith 1987 p. 81-83, 94, 211-212)
717 - Tibetan emissaries were received by the Umayyad governor of Khorasan.
The same year, a Turgesh army, allied to Tibetans and Arabs,
led an offensive to the north of Tarim Basin (near Aksu and Uqturpan),
but was repelled by Turkic troops under Tang leadership.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 87-88).
718, december - A Western Turkic qaghan defected from Tibetans,
to come under Chinese suzerainty.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 90-91)
719 - Census (?) in Zhang zhung and Mard (mod. Ladakh)
(Dotson 2009 p. 111,
not a census but a revolt according to Bacot et al. 1946 p. 45)
720 - Tibetan conquered the Chinese fortress So ga song
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 45-46, Dotson 2009 p. 111,
Beckwith 1987 p. 92)
720 - A king of "south Hindustan" sent an embassy to Tang Xuanzong
asking for help to fight against the Umayyad and the Tibetans
The king of Gilgit also requested Chinese help
against the Tibetans.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 91, Bielenstein 2005 p. 348)
720 - Embassy from ‘Bug cor (eastern Turks?) in Tibet
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 45-46, Beckwith 1987 p. 92)
721 - Emissaries of sTod phyogs paid homage to the btsan po.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 46, Dotson 2009 p. 112)
721 - Death of blon che dBa's Khri gzigs zhang nyen, zhang bTsan to re,
Khri bzang stag tsab, and the btsan po's mother mChims za bTsan ma tog.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 46, Dotson 2009 p. 112-113)
721-725 - dBa's Khri sum rje rtsang bzher's career as blon che.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 46-47, Dotson 2009 p. 113-115)
722 - A Tibetan offensive in Gilgit (little Bolor) was repulsed
with the help of the Chinese armies stationed in Kashgar.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 99, Beckwith 1987 p. 95)
ca. 723 - Jincheng gongzhu, wishing to escape from Tibet,
secretly sent Chinese messengers to Kashmir,
where she hoped she could seek refuge.
The message was conveyed to the Tang court
through an embassy sent by the king of Zabulistan,
then allied to Kashmir.
(Chavannes 1903b p. 205-206, Beckwith 1987 p. 96,
Dotson 2009 p. 114)
ca. 723-ca. 728 - Hyecho's travel to India
Short description of Tibet,
where “there are no monasteries or houses”
and “Buddhism is not known”
(Yang et al. 1984 p. 47)
ca. 724-ca. 760 - Reign of Muktāpīda lalitā-ditya in Kashmir
(Sen 2004 p. 141)
724 - The btsan po Khri lDe gtsug brtsan hunted wild yaks.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 47, Dotson 2009 p. 114)
725 - Exile of Seng go Mon chung.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 47, Dotson 2009 p. 115)
725-727 - blon che rNgegs Mang zham stag tsab.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 47-48, Dotson 2009 p. 115-116)
ca. 717? - after 731? - Reign of Yaśovarman in Kanauj
(Kuwayama 1995 p. 10-12 )
726 - Peace negotiations between China and Tibet.
(Bielenstein 2005 p. 233-234)
726-727 - dBa's sTag sgra khong lod (ch. xinuoluo) led a raid in Dadou valley
and attacked Ganzhou (modern Zhangye, in Gansu).
He was later defeated by a Chinese army in the west of the Kokonor.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 100-101, Pelliot 1961 p. 99-100)
727 - Khri lDe gtsug brtsan in the land of 'A zha.
An accusation was raised against dBa's Sum po skyes.
dBa's sTag sgra khong lod became blon che and,
with Cog ro Mang po rje, he led an offensive on Guazhou,
while Sulu's Turgesh and his Tibetan allies besieged Kucha.
Bilgä Kaghan rejected a Tibetan offer to join forces against China.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 47-48, Beckwith 1987 p. 101-102,
Dotson 2009 p. 116, Pelliot 1961 p. 17, 100)
727 - Some Uyghurs, loyal to their leader Cheng zong,
whose death was caused by the Chinese military governor of Hexi,
may have joined forces with Tibetans (or possibly Turks)
(Beckwith 1987 p. 103)
728-748 Reign of Piluoge in Yunnan
and unification of the Nanzhao kingdom.
He seemed to have enjoyed the support of the Tang court
while his opponents rather allied themselves to Tibet.
A prince of the Shi lang tribe managed to escape,
gained the support of the Tibetan court and,
together with other opponents,
managed to retain control of northwest Yunnan.
They came to be known as the “three Lang” (ch. san lang) or “Lang people”.
(Backus 1981 p. 57-63)
728 - Disgrace of dBa's sTag sgra khong lod (ch. Xinuoluo Gonglu),
victim of a smear campaign launched by Chinese spies at the Tibetan court.
‘Bro Cung bzang 'or mang became blon che.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 48, Pelliot 1961 p. 18,
Dotson 2009 p. 116)
728, february - Tibetan raid over Kucha
(Beckwith 1987 p. 103)
728-729 The Tibetan general Ximolang attacked Guazhou,
but was repulsed by Chinese defenders.
Tibetan armies suffered a defeat South West of the Kokonor,
in the Vale of Kebo.
Chinese troops then plundered the Tibetan city of "Damomen" (“great desert gate”),
burnt the Luotuoqiao bridge,
inflicted another defeat to the Tibetans at Qilian (near Ganzhou/ mod. Zhangye)
and beheaded a Tibetan general.
The Tibetans also lost Longyou (in Qinghai, east of the Kokonor),
and Shibao (not so far from the south east “point” of the Kokonor) in 729
'Bal sKyes bzang ldong tsab defeated a Chinese army at “Mu le cu le” in summer.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 48, Pelliot 1961 p. 18-19,
Beckwith 1987 p. 104-105, Dotson 2009 p. 117)
729 - Tibetan emissaries in China requested for peace.
A Chinese embassy was dispatched to the Tibetan court for negotiations,
and met the btsan po and Jincheng gongzhu.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 19, Beckwith 1987 p. 106)
729-730, winter - ‘Bro Cung bzang 'or mang led armies to the land of the Turks.
Turgesh, possibly allied to Tibetans, expelled the Umayyads from Khorassan.
Sulu, the Turgesh Qaghan, wore Tibetan armor in battle.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 48, Beckwith 1987 p. 108-110,
Dotson 2009 p. 117)
729-730 - Tibetan emissary Mingxilie arrived at the Tang court,
to lead peace negotiations.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 19-20, Beckwith 1987 p. 106,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 234, Richardson 1970)
730 - Death of lcam lHa spang
her funerals were achieved in winter 732-733
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 48-49, Dotson 2009 p. 117-118)
732 - Chinese, Umayyad (tib. ta chig) and Turgesh (tib. dur gyis) emissaries
were received at the Tibetan court
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 49, Beckwith 1987 p. 111,
Dotson 2009 p. 132)
732 - Second treaty between China and Tibet.
An agreement on the border was concluded in 734,
and a stele was erected.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 23, Stein 1988b p. 137,
Yihong Pan 1992 p. 129-133, 153-154, Bielenstein 2005 p. 235)
733 - Myva la kag (a.k.a. the king Nanzhao king Piluoge)
at the Tibetan court.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 49, Dotson 2009 p. 119,
Pelliot 1961 p. 23, Backus 1981 p. 44, 67)
734 - The Tibetan princess je ba Dron ma lod
was sent as a bride to the Türgesh qaghan Sulu.
(Chavannes 1903b p. 46, 83, Bacot et al. 1946 p. 49-50,
Beckwith 1987 p. 111, Bielenstein 2005 p. 349,
Dotson 2009 p. 119)
734 - Census (?) of 'A zha
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 50, Dotson 2009 p. 119)
734 - 'Bal sKyes bzang ldong tsab raided Khyi sha can
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 49-50, Dotson 2009 p. 119)
735 - ‘Bro Cung bzang 'or mang in the land of 'A zha
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 50, Dotson 2009 p. 120)
736 - Following a Tibetan offensive in Gilgit,
the kingdom of Bolor sent an embassy to the Tang court.
The Chinese emperor disapproved of the invasion,
but the Tibetans did not withdraw.
'Bal sKyes bzang ldong tsab had achieved the conquest by 737.
(Chavannes 1903b p. 151, Bacot et al. 1946 p. 50,
Pelliot 1961 p. 23, 103, Beckwith 1987 p. 116,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 235, Dotson 2009 p. 120)
736, 16 september - Turgesh surrendered to China.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 114)
736 - Cog ro Mang po rje khyi cung was dispatched to land of the Turks (tib. dru gu yul).
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 50, Dotson 2009 p. 120,
Beckwith 1987 p. 116)
736-737 - Chinese offensive against Tibetans launched from Liangzhou,
Tibetans were attacked by surprise and suffered a defeat near the Kokonor.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 23-24, Beckwith 1987 p. 114-115)
737 - Tibetan emissary in China for peace negotiations.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 120)
738 - Tibetan raided Hexi,
while the Chinese invaded the Tibetan "new town" of Xincheng.
In summer, the Chinese launched an offensive,
destroyed the 730 peace treaty stele in Chiling,
conquered the the Tibetan held bridge over the yellow river,
and besieged Anrong.
Tibetan reinforcement eventually arrived in Anrong
and repelled the assailant.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 24-25, 104, Beckwith 1987 p. 120-121,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 236)
ca. 738 - Piluoge, king of Nanzhao,
attacked and defeated the Tibetans.
(Backus 1981 p. 41-43)
c. 738 - Reign of the "Kabul Shah" From Kesar
(ch. Fulin Jisuo 拂菻罽娑, tib. 'phrom ge sar),
son of Tegin Khurasan Shah
(Inaba 2010 p. 448, Rezakhani 2017 p. 170,
Alram 2018 p. 16, 18-20)
ca. 738 - The chieftain Yiluoshi fled Yunnan
and took refuge in Tibet.
He had try to carve a kingdom in Yunnan with Tibetan support
but failed against Piluoge and his Chinese allies.
(Backus 1981 p. 63)
739 - Prince lHas bon and of Jincheng gongzhu died.
Their funeral rites were completed in winter 741/742.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 51, Dotson 2009 p. 121-122,
Pelliot 1961 p. 27)
ca. 739 - ca. 750 - War with China on the North-eastern border of Tibet.
The Tibetans attacked the Chinese garrisons of the Bocao and Anren armies in 739.
Anrong (northern Sichuan) was lost to the Chinese in 740.
Khri lDe gtsug brtsan himself led the Tibetan armies in the end of 741,
and the city of Dahuaxian was destroyed.
In 742, blon [Cog ro (?)] Mang po rje was defeated by a Chinese army in the land of 'A zha,
and the Tibetans temporarily lost control of Hongji (洪濟).
To the south-east of the Kokonor, the Shibao stronghold
(300 li to the west of Shanzhou, i.e. modern Ledu, Qinghai)
would be the focus of many battles.
The Tibetans managed to reconquer it in 741,
after about twelve years of Chinese occupation.
In 745, dbon 'A zha rje and [Cog ro (?)] Mang po rje repulsed an offensive of the Tang,
but in the summer of 749, Shibao finally fell to Qoshu Khan,
a Türgish general serving the Chinese,
and was renamed Shenwu.
In 753, Qoshu Khan would continue the offensive on behalf of the Tang, and conquered the Tibetan towns of Hongji and Damomen (“great desert gate”),
in the nine bends of the Yellow river.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 51, 62, Pelliot 1961 p. 25, 27, 104-105,
Beckwith 1987 p. 121, 127-128, 134,141,
Dotson 2009 p. 122-123)
740 - Je ba Khri ma lod was sent as a bride to the lord of Gilgit.
(Chavannes 1903b p. 151-152, Bacot et al. 1946 p. 51,
Beckwith 1987 p. 123, Dotson 2009 p. 121-122)
740/741 - Zhang Khri mnyes smon zung died
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 51, Dotson 2009 p. 121)
740-741 - A Tibetan emissary arrived at the Tang court.
He announced the death of Jincheng gongzhu
and requested to open negotiations for a peace treaty,
which was rejected by Tang Xuanzong.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 127, Pelliot 1961 p. 27, 105
Bielenstein 2005 p. 236)
742 - Ambassadors from China and Myva nag po arrived at the Tibetan court.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 51, Backus 1981 p. 44-45,
Dotson 2009 p. 122-123)
742 - The king of Wakhan (tib. gog yul, ch. hu mi 護密)
sent ambassadors to China,
seeking to escape Tibetan suzerainty
(Chavannes 1903b p. 212)
742 - Birth of the btsan po Srong lde brtsan.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 51, Dotson 2009 p. 122-123)
743 - Census (?) of rgod and g.yung.
A Chinese emissary arrived at the Tibetan court
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 51-52, Dotson 2009 p. 123)
744/745-840 Uyghur empire
(Hamilton 1955 p. 4-5, Mackerras 1990 p. 317)
744 - The king of Kashmir Muktâpîda, and a king of "central Hindustan"
claimed victory over the Tibetans on the "five great Tibetan roads"
(Chavannes 1903b p. 167, Beckwith 1987 p. 111)
744 - Chinese and Turgesh (tib. dur gyis) emissaries
arrived at the Tibetan court.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 52, Beckwith 1987 p. 126,
Dotson 2009 p. 124-125)
745 - Funerals of jo mo Khri btsun
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 52, Dotson 2009 p. 125)
ca. 745 - Reign of "Bo Fuzhan", son of From Kesar,
over Kapiśa (ch. jibin) and Uddiyana
(Rezakhani 2017 p. 170, Alram 2018 p. 19,
Inaba 2010 p. 446, 448-449)
747 - In august, the Korean general Gao Xianzhi,
leading a Chinese army, defeated the Tibetan in the Pamir,
and expelled them from Wakhan (tib. gog).
He conquered the kingdom of Bolor (tib. bru zha) in Gilgit,
and had the Tibetan officials executed.
The king of Bolor and his Tibetan queen je ba Khri ma lod,
surrendered and were sent to the Tang court.
The king would eventually be "pardoned" by Tang Xuanzong in 748.
(Chavannes 1903b p. 151-152, Beckwith 1987 p. 130-133,
Bacot et al. 1946 p. 62-63, Dotson 2009 p. 127-128,
Mock 2013, Bielenstein 2005 p. 348)
747-750 - Abbasid revolution,
Fall of the Umayyads,
and establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 67, 245, Bosworth, Bolshakov 1998 p. 33-35)
748-779 - reign of Geluofeng in Nanzhao
(Backus 1981 p. 58, 69)
749, autumn - The king of Wakhan traveled to Chang'an,
and possibly became a vassal of Tang Xuanzong
(Beckwith 1987 p. 135)
749 - An emissary of the Yabghu of Tokharestan arrived in Chang'an.
He requested Chinese help
against the king of Jieshi (Chitral) and his Tibetan allies,
Gao Xianzhi led a new offensive against the Tibetans in the Pamirs
Botemo, king of Jieshi was deposed by the Chinese the following year,
and replaced by his elder brother Sujia
(Beckwith 1987 p. 135-136, Sen 2004 p. 147)
ca. 750 - Chinese offensive against the Tibetans in the Kokonor area.
Gao Xianzhi and Yuchisheng, king of Khotan,
conquered Tshal byi and Cherchen over the Tibetans (to the south of the Lopnor).
(Beckwith 1987 p. 140-141)
751- ca. 756 - War broke between Nanzhao and China.
Nanzhao allied with Tibet, and Chinese armies suffered huge losses.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 105-106, Backus 1981 p. 71-77,
Beckwith 1987 p. 140-141)
753 - The Chinese general Feng Changqing conquered Greater Bâlur;
and expelled the Tibetans.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 141)
755 - The Sumpa prince Xinuoluo (tib. sTag sgra?)
rejected Tibetan suzerainty and joined China.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 106, Beckwith 1987 p. 142)
755 - Uprising in Tibet,
led by 'Bal sKyes bzang ldong tsab and Lang Myes gzigs.
Khri lde gtsug brtsan was murdered.
The rebellion failed and Khri Srong lde brtsan was eventually crowned.
Chinese emissaries were sent to Tibet.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 63, Beckwith 1987 p. 142,
Pelliot 1961 p. 27, 106, Bielenstein 2005 p. 236,
Dotson 2009 p. 128)
755/756 - Tibetan offensive over Taozhou (modern Litan, in Gansu, tib. te'u cu)
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 63, Dotson 2009 p. 128)
755-763 - An Lushan's rebellion in China
(Pelliot 1961 p. 27, 106, Lewis 2009 p. 43-44, 58-60)
756-797 - Reign of Khri Srong lde brtsan
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 63, 152-155, Pelliot 1961 p. 27,
Beckwith 1987 p. 226-230, Dotson 2009 p. 128,
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 87, 381)
756 - Embassies of Ban 'jag nag po, Wakhan (tib. : gog), Shig nig,
and other delegations from sTod pyogs arrived at the Tibetan court.
Pa gor Na 'dod and Ce sNang rtsan were appointed as reciprocal emissaries.
In China, Tibetan emissaries asked for a peace treaty.
A Tibetan delegation was murdered by Chinese insurgents.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 63, Beckwith 1987 p. 144-145,
Dotson 2009 p. 129, Mock 2013 p. 7, Pelliot 1961 p. 29)
756 - The Tibetan, allied with the Nanzhao king Geluofeng (tib. kag la bong),
conquered Suizhou (tib. se cu, modern Xichang, southern Sichuan)
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 63, 150, Beckwith 1987 p. 145,
Dotson 2009 p. 129, Pelliot 1961 p. 106)
757 - dBa's sNang bzer conquered greater Tsong ka and Seg shing kun,
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 64, Beckwith 1987 p. 145-146,
Dotson 2009 p. 130)
757 - Chinese emissary in Tibet
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 64, Dotson 2009 p. 129).
758 - mGos Khri bzang and dBa's sKyes bzang
led an offensive against Liangzhou.
(tib. mkhar tsan leng cu, mod. Wuwei, in Gansu)
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 64, Dotson 2009 p. 130)
759-779 - Reign of the Uyghur kaghan Bögü (ch. mou yu)
a.k.a. Yidijian a.k.a "Tängri kaghan",
his conversion to Manichaeism sometime around 763
led to an increased influence of Sogdians at the Uyghur court
(Hamilton 1955 p. 5, Mackerras 1990 p. 318, 330-332,
Wang 2013 p. 49-51, Skaff 2018 p. 126)
759 - mGos Khri bzang and zhang sTong rtsan
were dispatched to the land of 'A zha
Little Tsong ka conquered by mGos Khri bzang,
zhang sTong rtsan, and zhang bTsan ba.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 64-65, Dotson 2009 p. 131)
759 (or 771? pig year) Debate between buddhism and bon in Tibet ?
(Wangdu, Diemberger, Sørensen 2000 p. 60)
ca. 760-1142 Pala dynasty in Bihar (North-Eastern India)
(Basham 1988 p. 414)
760 - Birth of a Tibetan Prince (Mu ne brtsan?).
Embassy of sTod phyogs in Tibet
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 65, Dotson 2009 p. 131
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 87, 421)
761 - dBa's sKyes bzang conquered Ba mgo and Ke'u shan in Khar tsan
zhang sTong rtsan conquered Zong cu (ch. Songzhou, mod. Songpan, N. Sichuan)
and Zangs kar
(Bacot et al. 1946 p.65, Dotson 2009 p. 132)
762-779 - Reign of Tang Daizong in China
(Lewis 2009 p. 60-61)
762 - Third treaty between China and Tibet.
A Buddhist rite was followed by the Tibetans.
(Yihong Pan 1992 p. 133-135, Stein 1988b p. 134-136,
Bacot et al. 1946 p. 65, Pelliot 1961 p. 29)
763, april-may - A Chinese embassy was sent to Tibet,
but was blocked at the border.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 29-30, 107, Bielenstein 2005 p. 236-237)
763 - The Tibetans, allied to Tuyuhun, Dangxiang and Qiang,
launched a large-scale offensive against China.
They reached Chang’an, plundering and conquering
many towns and prefectures on the way in Gansu and modern Shaanxi
The Chinese capital itself was taken,
and the invaders placed a new emperor on the throne of China:
the prince of Guangwu, a brother of Jincheng gongzhu.
After two weeks, the Tibetan armies withdrew,
and besieging Fengxiang on the way back.
The Chinese recaptured their imperial capital soon after.
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 65-66, Pelliot 1961 p. 30, 32-33 107-108,
Beckwith 1987 p. 146, 148, Demiéville 1987 p. 169,
Dotson 2009 p. 132, Lewis 2009 p. 59,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 237)
763 - sTag Cung bzang in Guazhou (tib. kva cu)
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 66, Dotson 2009 p. 137)
763 (or 775? - hare year) - Beginning of the construction of bSam yas?
(Wangdu, Diemberger, Sørensen 2000 p. 63)
764 - Tibetan conquest of Liangzhou (now Wuwei, in Gansu)
(Beckwith 1987 p. 148-149, Demiéville 1987 p. 169)
764/765 - The Tibetan leaders of the 763 campaign were rewarded
(Bacot et al. 1946 p. 66)
764-765 - Rebellion of the Chinese general Pugu Huaien
against Tang Daizong.
In September–October 764, Pugu Huaien
and his Tibetan, Tuyuhun, and Uyghur allies
led a campaign targeting Chang'an,
but were stopped by Tang loyalist forces at Binzhou (Shaanxi).
They withdrew in November-December.
In september–november 765,
as Pugu Huaien was about to launch a second offensive,
this time accompanied by Tibetans and Uyghurs,
he met an untimely death
and an internal fight broke out between his followers.
The Uighurs eventually joined forces with the Tang loyalists
and the Tibetans were pushed back.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 33-36, 108-109, Mackerras 1972 p. 27-29, 78-83,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 237)
765, march-april - Fourth peace treaty between Tibet and China
(Pelliot 1961 p. 34, Yihong Pan 1992 p. 135-136,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 237)
766, may-june - The Tibetan lun Qizang was sent as an emissary
in China for peace negotiations.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 37)
766 - Tibetan conquest of Ganzhou (mod. Zhangye, Gansu)
and Suzhou (in northern Gansu)
(Beckwith 1987 p. 149)
767 - Fifth treaty between China and Tibet
(Yihong Pan 1992 p. 136-137)
767, october-november - The Chinese defeated a Tibetan army
at Lingzhou (Lingwu, in Ningxia)
(Pelliot 1961 p. 37, Bielenstein 2005 p. 237)
767, november-december - A Chinese emissary returned from Tibet
in company of the Tibetan lun Qiling.
The btsan po asked for the border to be set at the Fenglin pass
(S.-W. of Lanzhou, Gansu)
and another Tibetan emissary named Lu Xi was sent to China
(Pelliot 1961 p. 37, Wang 2013 p. 147)
768 - Tibetan plundered Lingzhou (in mod. Ningxia)
and Binzhou (Shaanxi).
(Pelliot 1961 p. 37, Bielenstein 2005 p. 239)
768-769, winter - The Chinese strengthened their border with Tibet,
and repulsed a new offensive in Sichuan
(Pelliot 1961 p. 37)
771 (or 759? pig year) - debate between Buddhism and Bon in Tibet?
(Wangdu, Diemberger, Sørensen 2000 p. 60)
773, august-september - Tibetan raid at Lingwu (in Ningxia)
(Pelliot 1961 p. 38, 110, Bielenstein 2005 p. 239)
773, october-november - A Tibetan army defeated Chinese troops at Yilu ,
but was later repulsed following a night attack.
A Tibetan general wearing a "leopard skin" or a "panther skin”
was killed after receiving an arrow in the eye.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 38, 111)
775 (or 763? hare year) - beginning of the construction of bSam yas?
(Wangdu, Diemberger, Sørensen 2000 p. 63)
775-776 - Tibetan offensive over Sichuan.
Tibetan troops were a mix of Turks (ch. Tujue), ‘A zha (ch. Tuhun),
Di, Man, Qiang, and Tanguts (ch. Dangxiang)
Four Tibetan governors were defeated
in the former prefecture of "Hong" 洪 (in Sichuan?)
by Cui Ning, the Chinese commissar of Jiannan.
Tibetans were repulsed by a Tang-Nanzhao alliance,
and lun Qiran was taken prisoner.
Cui ning continued the fight in 777,
and took Wanghan from the Tibetans.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 39, 111, Backus 1981 p. 82)
776 - Tibetan conquest of Guazhou (Gansu)
(Beckwith 1987 p. 149, Demiéville 1987 p. 171-172)
777, october-november - Tibetan raided Fangzhou (in Gansu),
Dangxiang sheeps and horses were taken.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 39)
ca. 779 - Consecration of bSam yas and ordination of the first seven monks?
(Stoddard 1997 p. 92)
779, september-october - A Chinese embassy in Tibet was planned,
in order to give back 500 prisoners, but might not have been dispatched.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 40)
779 - Tibetan and Nanzhao launched a large-scale offensive over Sichuan.
Although initially successful the invaders were repulsed by Tang forces,
and suffered heavy losses.
The defeated leaders - including those of the allied Nanzhao -
were harshly punished by the Tibetans.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 40, Backus 1981 p. 84)
779-805 - Reign of Tang Dezong in China
(Lewis 2009 p. 61-64, Bielenstein 2005 p. 239)
779-808 - Reign of Yimouxun in Nanzhao
(Backus 1981 p. 58
780 - Gestures of appeasement between China and Tibet.
Embassy were exchanged, Wei Lun went to Tibet in June/July
and the Tibetan envoy lun Qingminsi was at the Tang court in winter.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 40-41, Bielenstein 2005 p. 238)
781 - At the request of a Tibetan embassy,
Tang Dezong dispatched two buddhist monks to Tibet.
(Demiéville 1987 p. 183-184)
781, december-782, january - Sino-Tibetan negotiations
(Pelliot 1961 p. 41-42, Bielenstein 2005 p. 239)
781 - Tibetan conquest of Shouchang and Yizhou (modern Hami)
(Beckwith 1987 p. 149, Demiéville 1987 p. 169-170)
782 - The Tibetans released Chinese prisoners
(generals, soldiers, monks and nuns) in may-july,
and dispatched the emissary Qu Jiazan (區頰贊 a.k.a. Qu Leizan 區類贊)
to the Tang court in the end of the year,
where he would remain until the summer of 783.
In Tibet, the blon chen mChims zhang rGyal zig shu teng (ch.shang Jiexi),
who opposed peace negotiations,
was replaced by sNa nam zhang rGyal tshan lha snang (ch. shang Jiezan).
(Pelliot 1961 p. 42, 45, 113 Tangshu seems to ignore/omit
the tenure of Ngan lam sTag sgra klu khong as blon chen)
783 - Sixth Treaty between China and Tibet a.k.a Peace Treaty of Qingshui.
The Tibetan representation included :
sNa nam zhang rGyal tshan lha snang (ch. shang Jiezan),
lun Zanruo, lun Lituosiguanzhe, lun Lixu, and others.
Zhang Yi, the leader of the Chinese delegation,
depreciated the Chinese part of the ceremony
by asking to change the animals for the sacrifice:
the Tibetan horse and the Chinese ox were replaced
by a goat (Zhang Yi wanted a pig but none were available), a sheep and a dog.
The Tibetan part included a Buddhist rite and
sNa nam zhang rGyal tshan lha snang wrote the text for the treaty
(Yihong Pan 1992 p. 137-142, 155-156, Beckwith 1987 p. 149,
Pelliot 1961 p. 43-45, 113-115 Stein 1988b p. 132-134,
Lewis 2009 p. 63).
783-784 - Rebellion of Zhu Ci against Tang Dezong.
He was defeated in april-may 784,
with the support of Tibetan troops led by the lun Mangluo,
but the Tibetans were not rewarded up to their expectations.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 149, Pelliot 1961 p. 46, 49, 115)
ca. 785-805 - Wei Gao (b.745), Governor of Sichuan.
He was instrumental in improving Tang relations with Nanchao
and led campaigns against the Tibetans,
while building a largely autonomous power in Chengdu.
He is also remembered for his sponsorship of Buddhist institutions
and the completion of the monumental Leshan Buddha.
(Backus p. 90-102, Lee 2022 p. 54-58)
786 - In summer, the Tibetan launched an offensive,
to the North west of Changan: at Jing, Long, Bin and Ning,
(now respectively Zhenyuan in Gansu,
Longxian and Binxian in Shaanxi,
and Ningxian in Gansu) and besieged the Tang capital.
Their light cavalry also raider Haozhi (in mod. Qianxian).
but the Tibetans were defeated in Qianyang,
during a night attack launched by the Chinese against the central forces
“people wearing tigers and panthers skins".
Tibetans were also defeated in Fengxiang (in Shaanxi, 150 km east of Chang’an).
and seven of their chiefs were beheaded,
including Hu Qulu shezan, whose head was sent to Chang'an
(Beckwith 1987 p. 150, Pelliot 1961 p. 46, 115)
786-787, winter - The Tibetans occupied
Yanzhou, Xiazhou, Linzhou, and Yinzhou
(respectively, mod. Yanchi in Ningxia, and
Jingbian, Shenmu, and Hengshan, in Shaanxi
about 400km north of Chang’an)
(Pelliot 1961 p. 46-47, 115-116, Beckwith 1987 p. 150-151,
Rong 2015 p. 246-247).
(786-788)787, winter-spring - Many horses and sheeps died in winter,
and there was a grain shortage.
After the gathering of Chinese armies,
sNa nam zhang rGyal tshan (ch. shang Jiezan) tried to open negotiations,
and lun Jiaore was dispatched to the Tang court with presents.
The Tibetan peace proposal was supported by the Chinese general Ma Sui,
whom Jiu Tangshu depicts as corrupt.
Tang Dezong, reluctant at first, eventually agreed following Ma Sui's advice.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 48, 116)
787 - "False" treaty between China and Tibet a.k.a Treaty of Pingliang.
Tibetan troops turned against the Chinese during the ceremony.
The Chinese ambassador Cui Hanheng - who spoke Tibetan -
owed his survival to his friendship
with sNa nam zhang rGyal tshan.
The latter justified the surprise attack by the events of 784,
when the Tibetans were not rewarded after the defeat of Zhu Ci.
(Yihong Pan 1992 p. 142-143, Beckwith 1987 p. 151,
Pelliot 1961 p. 51-54, 116-118, Bielenstein 2005 p. 240)
786/787? - 'Bro Khri sum rje stag snang conquered Dunhuang.
The Tibetan rule would extend until 848.
(Demiéville1987 p. 176-177, 215, Yang 1998 p. 99-102,
Pelliot 1961 p. 126-127)
787-788 - The Tibetans launched a serie of raids
to the north, near the border of modern Shaanxi and inner Mongolia
(Yanzhou and Xiazhou in the summer of 787,
Jingzhou and Linzhou in june/july 788…),
and, much closer to the Tang capital, allied to Qiang and Tuyuhun,
around the border between modern Gansu and Shaanxi
(Qianyang, Wushan, Huating, Changwu, Yuanzhou in the winter of 787,
Binzhou, Ningzhou, and Qingzhou in summer 788…).
Slaves and cattle were taken.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 54-58, 116-121)
788, november - Uyghur ambassadors in China,
Tibetan emissaries were "reviled and cursed"
(Mackerras 1972 p. 96-97)
Before 789 - Shatuo, Qarluq and "white clothed" (Manichaean?) Turks,
formerly subjects of the Uyghurs, submitted to Tibet
(Beckwith 1987 p. 153-154)
789, october - Chinese and their eastern Man allies attacked the Tibetans
in the north valley of Taideng (former Suizhou).
The two Tibetan commissars of the Kokonor and
of Liezheng were defeated,
Qicang zhezhe and Xiduo yangzhu were killed.
Qican zhezhe was very brave,
and may have been a son of shang Jiezan (sNa nam zhang rGyal tshan).
A few years after this Tibetan defeat,
the full prefecture of Suizhou was regained by the Chinese
(Pelliot 1961 p. 59, 121, Backus 1981 p. 92)
790-792 - Tibetan campaign against the Uyghurs in Beiting (Beshbaliq).
In 790, the Tibetans, allied to Shatuo, Qarluq
and "white clothed" (Manichaean?) Turks
led an offensive against Beiting (Beshbaliq).
They defeated the Uyghurs in summer,
and repulsed a Sino-Uyghur coalition in fall.
In October a Qarluq and Tibetan coalition defeated the Uyghurs.
The Tibetans also conquered Qocho over China in the same year
In December, Uyghurs launched a counter offensive
and reconquered parts of Beiting (Beshbaliq).
The Tibetan general zhang rGyal sum (shang Jiexin 尙結心 EMC dʑɨaŋʰ kɛt sim)
was captured and brought to Tang Dezong.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 153-156, Pelliot 1961 p. 60, 121
Mackerras 1972 p. 100, 102-103, 105-107, Lewis 2009 p. 63-64,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 241)
791 - Buddhism was declared the state religion in Tibet.
(Demiéville 1987 p. 183)
792 - The Tibetans plundered Lingzhou (Lingwu, Ningxia)
and conquered Shuikou in April/May.
Their horsemen reached Jingzhou (Mizhi, Shaanxi) in summer.
In the fall of 792, Wei Gao, the Chinese governor of Sichuan,
expelled the Tibetans from Weizhou (維州).
and the “great general” lun Zanre and other Tibetan leaders were taken prisoners
In winter, the Tibetans were defeated in Fangzhou
and at the Heishui stronghold (tib. khro chu? N. of Chengdu?),
by Yan Zhen, the governor of western Shannan (Eastern Sichuan/ Southern Shanxi).
His prisoners were executed, and their heads were sent to Tang Dezong.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 60-61, 121-122)
ca. 792 - Khotan was conquered by ‘Bro Khri gzu ram shags.
Tibetan armies besieged Kucha, then under Chinese control,
but were repulsed by Uyghurs and fled to Yushu,
where they would eventually be destroyed.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 155-156)
792?-794? - Buddhist council in Tibet.
The debate opposed Ha shang Mahāyāna ("invited" from Dunhuang ca. 788)
and his followers -the "chinese school"-
to Ka ma la shi la and his supporters - the “Indian school”.
The Chinese school appeared to have lost the debate,
and Mahāyāna returned to Dunhuang.
(Demiéville 1987 p. 176-183, 278-280, Stoddard 1997 p. 92)
794 - The Nanzhao kingdom defected from Tibet
and became allied to the Tang.
The degradation of Nanzhao/Tibet relations was long
and seemed to have started following the failed invasion of Sichuan in 779.
In 794, the Tibetans suffered a defeat after a surprise attack launched by Nanzhao,
and lost the Tieqiao fortress on upper Yangzi, the bridge was destroyed.
The San Lang, which were under Tibetan protection since the reign of Piluoge,
were also conquered by Nanzhao.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 156-157, Pelliot 1961 p. 62, 122-123
Lewis 2009 p. 64, Backus 1981 p. 90-96, 100)
795, August-September - Chinese conquest of
Qinzhou 欽州, Hengzhou 橫州, Xunzhou 潯州, and Guizhou 貴州.
(in mod. Guangxi?), three Tibetan generals submitted to China,
and were promoted at the Tang court the following year
(Pelliot 1961 p. 62)
796, October-November - Tibetan invasion
in Qingzhou (慶州, mod. Qingyang, E. of Gansu) and Huachi
(Pelliot 1961 p. 62, 123)
796 - Death of the sNa nam zhang rGyal tshan lha snang (ch. shang Jiezan)
(Pelliot 1961 p. 123)
797 - Death of the btsan po Khri Srong lde brtsan
(Pelliot 1961 p. 123)
797-799 - Reign of Mu ne brtsan
(Beckwith 1987 p. 226-230, Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 87, 421
Pelliot 1961 p. 67, 124, Bielenstein 2005 p. 241)
797 February-March - The Tibetan emissary Nongsangxi arrived at the Tang court,
to lead peace negotiations and a marriage alliance,
but the proposal was rejected by Tang Dezong.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 63, 123, Backus 1981 p. 98, Bielenstein 2005 p. 241)
797, June-July - Tibetan offensive at Maling of Jian shan,
they suffered a great defeat against a Chinese-eastern Man (Nanzhao?) coalition
(Pelliot 1961 p. 63, 123)
798, November-December - Tibetan armies were defeated by Chinese
in the north-west of Yanzhou (mod. Yanchi, Ningxia)
(Pelliot 1961 p. 63, 123)
799-815 - Reign of Khri lDe srong brtsan
a.k.a. Sad na legs
(Beckwith 1987 p. 226-230,
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 87, 421-422)
800, June-July - Tibetan force defeated by the Chinese army of Yanzhou
(mod. Yanchi, Ningxia)
(Pelliot 1961 p. 63, 123)
800 - The Tibetan general Ma ding de surrendered to China
(Backus 1981 p. 98)
800 (?)-1036 -Pratihara dynasty in Western India.
Conquered Kanauj ca. 816.
Destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni in the XIth c.
(Basham 1988 p. 414-416, Thapar 2002 p. 408-409)
801 - A Tibetan army,
which included some central Asian troops ("Samarkandi and Abbasid Arab"),
was defeated by a Tang/Nanzhao coalition on the Lu shui
(Beckwith 1987 p. 157-158)
801, August-September - A Tibetan army raided Yanzhou (mod. Yanchi, Ningxia)
and Linzhou (mod. Shenmu, Shaannxi),
and defeated Dangxiang (i.e. Tangut) troops.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 63-64, 123, Backus 1981 p. 98,
Demiéville 1987 p. 217-218)
801, October-November - Wei Gao defeated the Tibetans
at Weizhou (mod. Lixian, Sichuan)
(Pelliot 1961 p. 65)
802, February-March - The Tibetan “great minister of the interior”
lun Mangruo (a.k.a Mangre Molong qixibi 莽熱沒籠乞悉蓖)
was captured by Wei Gao and sent to Chang’an.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 65, 124, Backus 1981 p. 98)
803, January - Tang reconquest of areas under Tibetan control (in mod. Sichuan):
Chinese armies led offensive in Songzhou, Buzu (逋租),
Piansong (扁X), Kunming (昆明, mod. Yenyuan), Nuoji (諾濟),
besieged Weizhou (mod. Lixian).
(Pelliot 1961 p. 66-67, 124)
803-805 - Tibet and China exchanged embassies.
Lun Jiare (?) was at the Chinese court in May-June 803
The Chinese emissary Xiepi was sent to Tibet in summer.
In May-June 804, a Tibetan embassy including Zang, the lun Qiran,
the monk Nanbotejibo (南撥特計波), and others paid homage at the Tang court.
Lun Xi Zhiguo Zhichong was at the Chinese court in january-february 805
A Chinese embassy was dispatched to Tibet in march-april,
The Tibetan emissary lun Xinuo was at the Tang court in summer.
In October-November, the Tibetan envoy lun Qi Lübozang brought some gifts
for the funerals of Tang Dezong
In winter, a Chinese envoy was dispatched to Tibet to announce
the enthronement of Tang Xianzong.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 67-68, Bielenstein 2005 p. 241,
Demiéville 1987 p. 226-228)
805-820 - Reign of Tang Xianzong
(Lewis 2009 p. 64-66, Backus 981 p. 101)
806, January-February - Seventeen Tibetan prisoners were freed by China.
In July-August, lun Siyeruo led an embassy at the Tang court.
Sino-tibetan peace negotiations started,
and a Chinese emissary was sent to Tibet.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 68)
808 - The Uyghurs conquered Liangzhou which was then under Tibetan rule.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 163)
808, summer - Shatuo tribes defected from Tibet to the Tang.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 163-164)
808-809 - In Samarkand, Tibetan troops may have supported Rafi ibn al-Layth
in his rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 158-159)
808-809 - Reign of Xungequan in Nanzhao
(Backus 1981 p. 58)
809 - Tibetan offensive to the north, against the Uyghur khaganate.
A Uyghur embassy returning from Chang'an was plundered.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 164)
ca. 810 - dPal chen po (ch. bo chan bu or bo zhe bu) was
a buddhist priest involved in the Tibetan government
(Pelliot 1961 p. 125)
811-815 - Vonstant exchange of emissaries between Tibet and China
(Pelliot 1961 p. 68, Bielenstein 2005 p. 241)
813 - The Tibetan built a bridge over the Yellow river at Wulan (烏籣)
(in Huizhou 會州, now mod. Jingyuan, Gansu, about 100 km N.-E. of Lanzhou)
(Beckwith 1987 p. 164)
813-814 winter - Uyhur offensive against the Tibetans,
west of Liugu (柳谷, near Xishouxiang garrison,
located south of the Gobi, west of the Yinshan)
(Beckwith 1987 p. 164)
c. 814 - The King of Kabul submitted to the Abbasids
and converted to Islam.
Abbasids defeated the kingdoms of Wakhan,
and Bolor (tib. bru zha), as well as the Qarluq
(Beckwith 1987 p. 160-163)
814 - sGra 'byor bam po gnyis pa was completed
(Giebel, Lo Bue 1994 p. 429-430)
815-838 - Reign of Khri gtsug lde brtsan
a.k.a. Ral pa can
(Beckwith 1987 p. 226-230, Demiéville 1987 p. 231-234;
Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 87, 443 places his death in 841
Pelliot 1961 p. 133 Jiu Tangshu places his death - by illness -
almost 30 years after his enthronement)
816 - Tibetan incursion in Uyghur territory
led by shang Qixiner (tib. zhang Khri sum rje?)
(Pelliot 1961 p. 75, Beckwith 1987 p. 165)
816-823 - Reign of Quanlisheng in Nanzhao
(Backus 1981 p. 58)
816-817- Tibetan envoys in China
announced the death of the btsan po Khri lDe srong brtsan,
a Chinese embassy was dispatched to Tibet.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 68, 125, Bielenstein 2005 p. 243)
818, November-December - The Tibetans launched an offensive on Youzhou
(south of mod. Inner-Mongolia, on the border with Shaanxi),
and suffered a series of defeats
east of Lanzhou against Chinese troops.
(at Dingyuan in Gansu, Yuanzhou and Lingwu, in Ningxia)
(Pelliot 1961 p. 68-69, 126)
819, October-November - Lun Sanmo, shang Tazang, and shang Qixiner
besieged Yanzhou (Yanchi, Ningxia).
They were helped by Dangxiang chieftains
but were unable to take the city and withdrew.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 70, 126)
820, March-April - Chinese emissary dispatched to Tibet
to announce the death of the emperor
and the enthronement of the new emperor
(Pelliot 1961 p. 70)
820-821 - Tibetan armies attacked the Qingsai (青or 靑塞) stronghold in spring 820
and Jingzhou in December (both in the n. of mod. Shaanxi).
In the beginning of 821, they besieged Wubochi (?).
After having learned that a Chinese princess
would be given as a bride to the Uyghur qaghan,
the Tibetans renewed their offensive against the Qingsai stronghold in summer 821,
but were repulsed by the prefect of Yanzhou (mod. Yanchi, Shaanxi)
(Pelliot 1961 p. 70,72, 129, Mackerras 1972 p. 113, 116, 118,
Beckwith 1987 p. 167)
821-822 - Seventh treaty between China and Tibet
The Tibetan embassy arrived in China to ask for a peace treaty in september/october
A ceremony between China and the Tibetan emissaries
was held in China on november 8 821
Another Tibetan embassy arrived at the Tang court in february/march 822,
in order to negociate the course of the border.
Chinese emissaries were dispatched to Tibet in may,
and the alliance ceremony was held on june 1st 822.
Tibetan delegation were at the Tang court in june/july
(Yihong Pan 1992 p. 143-148, 156-158, Beckwith 1987 p. 166,
Pelliot 1961 p. 72-75, 129-130, Stein 1988b p. 125-131,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 243-244)
ca. 822 - Peace treaties between Tibet and Uyghur and Tibet and Nanzhao.
(Beckwith p. 167)
822-825 - Several embassies were exchanged between Tibet and China.
The Tibetan emissaries were :
- lun Xinuoxi (ca. 822-823, winter)
- lun Dare (823, february-march)
- shang Qilire (825, march-april)
In 824, a Tibetan delegation at the Tang court requested a painting of the Wutai shan.
Chinese ambassadors were sent in response almost every year.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 76, Bielenstein 2005 p. 244)
823-859 - reign of Quanfengyou in Nanzhao
(Backus 1981 p. 58)
829-830 - Major Nanzhao offensive against China in Sichuan,
many craftsmen and workers were captured.
4.000 of them would be returned to China in 831,
but 2000 other prisoners were at some point sent to Tibet.
(Backus 1981 p. 105-122, 127)
831 (?) - Death of 'Bro Khri sum rje stag snang.
(Stoddard 1997 p. 82, Stoddard 2004 p. 64-65)
831-837- Embassies exchanged between Tibet and China
(Pelliot 1961 p. 76, Bielenstein 2005 p. 245)
832-915 (or 892-975?) - Life of Mu zu dge ba gsal
a.k.a. Bla chen dGongs pa rab gsal,
a reincarnation of "'Bro sTag snang khri sum rje" (i. e. 'Bro Khri sum rje stag snang) ?
(Stoddard 1997 p. 82-83, Stoddard 2004 p. 63-65)
838-842 - Reign of 'U 'i dum brtan
a.k.a. Glang dar ma
under his reign, Tibet faced earthquakes, famines, epidemy, etc.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 226-230, Bielenstein 2005 p. 245, Pelliot 1961 p. 133,
according to Drikung Kyabgon Chetsang r. 2011 p. 87, 499, his reign was 841-842)
838-847 - Ennin’s travel to China
“The Yellow River originates in the K’un-lun Mountains
and has nine bends [九曲],
six of which are in the land of the Tibetans and three in China.”
(cited in Feng 2022 p. 136)
ca. 840 - Fall of the Uyghur empire,
defeated by the Kirghiz.
Uyghurs tribes fled:
to the Tang border, where they were exterminated by the Chinese,
to the Gansu corridor and western Turkestan,
where they would eventually found two kingdoms,
and possibly to Tibet
(Beckwith 1987 p. 168, Wang Zhenping 2017 p. 211,
Hamilton 1955 p. 6-10, Mackerras 1990 p. 319-320,
Fu-Hsüeh 1994 p. 82)
840-846 - reign of Tang Wuzong,
during his time Manichaeism was suppressed in China,
as well as Buddhism in 845-846
(Lewis 2009 p. 69)
ca. 841 - The mkhas pas mi gsum fled central Tibet,
to escape the persecution of Buddhism.
(Stoddard 2004 p. 55)
842 - 'U 'i dum brtan died, murdered by lHa lung dpal gyi rdo rje.
His death was announced at the Tang court a year later,
by Tibetan a emissary named lun Zan (贊).
According to the Tangshu,
Qilihu was placed on the throne of Tibet.
Jiu Tangshu, states that he was the son of shang Yanli,
the brother of a Chen queen (mChims?)
According to Tibetan historians,
there were two heirs, around whom a succession dispute broke out:
- Yum brtan (d. 878?) a.k.a. Khri sDe (Khri lDe?),
he may already have been three years old in 842
and was possibly the son of the brother of a sNa nam or ‘Bal queen,
his followers may eventually have prevailed in dBu-ru/dBus
- ‘Od srung (Khri ‘Od?, d. 884 or ca. 905?),
born of a Tshe spong queen,
he may have been the posthumous son of 'U 'i dum brtan ,
and his followers seemed to have prevailed in g.Yo-ru/gTsang.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 168-169, Pelliot 1961 p. 76, 134,
Petech 1994 p. 651-653, Vitali 1996 p. 541-544,
Petech 1997 p. 230, 251,
Stoddard 2004 p. 87-88, Gyalbo et al. 2000 p. 25-26,
Bielenstein 2005 p. 245)
after 842-850 - The internal turmoils around the succession spread to the north east.
In mDo smad, two Tibetan generals fought :
- shang Bibi, a.k.a. Mo lu (tib. ‘Bro) Zan xin, of Yangtong origin (tib. zhang zhung),
he was governor of Shanzhou, “somewhat literate” (by Chinese standard),
- lun Kongre (or shang Kongre, or lun Shangruo). a.k.a Mo Nong li,
he is described as aggressive and brutal.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 134-135, Beckwith 1987 p. 169,
Yang 1998 p. 110, Davidson 2004 67-68,
see also Hamilton 1955 p. 13)
c. 845- c. 857 - rule of the Uyghur qaghan Mänglig Tegin
Uyghur tribes migrated under his reign.
By 856 his tribes were settled in Anxi.
(Hamilton 1955 p. 10-12)
846-859 - Reign of Tang Xuanzong
(Lewis 2009 p. 69-70)
848-867 Rule of Zhang Yichao (b. 799-d. 872) in Dunhuang.
He led the uprising against the Tibetans
and faced the siege of the town.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 170, Demiéville 1987 p. 168-170, 214,
Hamilton 1955 p. 12, Yang 1998)
c. 850 - Shang Bibi retired to Ganzhou (mod. Zhangye)
after being defeated by lun Kongre,
who plundered the Gansu corridor.
Around the same time lun Kongre tried - unsuccessfully -
to have himself recognized as btsan po at the Tang court
(Beckwith 1987 p. 169, Yang 1998 p. 110-111
Pelliot 1961 p. 76, 136)
850 - Zhang Yichao, leader of Dunhuang, conquered the then Tibetan held
Guazhou, Yizhou (Hami), Xizhou (西州, Turfan),
Ganzhou (mod. Zhangye), Suzhou,
Lanzhou, Shanzhou, Hezhou, Minzhou, and Kuozhou
(Beckwith 1987 p. 170, Yang 1998 p. 112).
c 851 - Khotan became independent from Tibet
(Beckwith 1987 p. 171)
c. 856 - A Tuyuhun chieftain allied to Tibetan tribes
was defeated by Zhang Yichao
(Yang 1998 p. 125)
856, december - The Uyghur kingdom in Yanqi (Karashahr)
was recognised by the Tang court,
and would later be known as the kingdom of Qocho
(Hamilton 1955 p. 12)
c. 858-861 - Zhang Yichao besieged Liangzhou
(mod. Wuwei, in Gansu, about 200 km of the Kokonor),
he fought and defeated the Tibetans
(Pelliot 1961 p. 138-139, Yang 1998 p. 126)
859 - Death of Tang Xuanzong,
collapse of the Tang empire
(Lewis 2009 p. 70-71)
c. 861? - A Tibetan chief called shang Yanxin (尙延心)
who was ruling in eastern Gansu
(at Hezhou 河州 and Weizhou 渭州),
submitted to China with his womo (嗢末) followers.
(Pelliot 1961 p. 139-140)
866 - Tuoba (i.e. tabgach) Huaiguang, the successor of shang Bibi,
captured lun Kongre, had him executed and sent his head to Chang'an.
In another version, shang Kongre was defeated by Pugu Jun,
an Uyghur warlord dispatched by Zhang Yichao.
(Beckwith 1987 p. 171-172, Hamilton 1955 p. 13-14,
Pelliot 1961 p. 139)
866-872 - Pugu Jun recognised as king of the uyghur in Qocho
by the Tang court
(Hamilton 1955 p. 13-15)
867-? - rule of Zhang Huaishen in Dunhuang
Zhang Yichao left for Chang'an,
where he unsuccessfully tried to gain support of the Tang court,
against the Wamo (嗢沒) and Tibetans who were then trying to retake Liangzhou
(Yang 1998 p. 129-130)
870-871 - Yaqub bin Laith al-Saffar
conquered the kingdom of Zabul and plundered Kabul
(Alram 2018 p. 21)
878-884 - Huang Chao's rebellion in China.
His troops occupied Luoyang, and repeatedly sacked Chang'an
(Lewis 2009 p. 70-72)
ca. 884 or 905 - Death of ‘Od srung.
He was the last Tibetan ruler to be buried in ‘Phyong rgyas.
(Gyalbo et al. 2000 p. 25)
Late IXth c./early Xth c. ? - reign of dPal 'khor btsan (b. 881?)
son of 'Od srung and Cog ro bza'.
He had two heirs : sKyid de nyi ma mgon, and bKra shis brtsegs pa dpal
He ruled to the south of the gTsang po river,
and was murdered by his sNyags vassal.
(Petech 1994 p. 654, Vitali 1996 p. 547,
Petech 1997 p. 231, 251, Gyalbo et al. 2000 p. 26
Davidson 2004 p. 68-69)
Early Xth c. ? - reign of Khri lDe mgon btsan
Son of Yum brtan?
Invited from dBu ru to rule near bSam yas.
(Petech 1994 p. 654-655)
902 - Shun hua was overthrown,
end of the Nanzhao ruling dynasty
(Backus 1981 p. 159)
c. 904-910 - Uprisings in Tibet
and murder of dPal 'khor btsan
(Vitali 1996 p. 545-548, Stoddard 2004 p. 88,
Davidson 2004 p. 68-69)
907 - Zhu Wen deposed the last Tang ruler:
official end of the Tang dynasty
(Lewis 2009 p. 72)
907-923 - Later Liang Dynasty in northern China.
A Tibetan embassy arrived at the court in 908,
and in 912 a Tibetan leader and an Uyghur leader got an audience.
(Bielenstein 2005 p. 246)
914-935 - Rule of Cao Yijin in Dunhuang.
He married the daughter of the Ganzhou Uyghur qaghan,
and in 926 one of his daughters was married to the qaghan's successor.
He was also the father in law of Li Shengtian, the king of Khotan.
(Russel-Smith 2003 p. 408-409)
First half of the Xth c.? - Reign of sKyid lde nyi ma mgon,
son of dPal 'khor btsan.
He fled (or was “invited”, or “deported”?) to western Tibet
after an uprising and the murder of his father,
and initiated the line of the kings of Gu ge pu hrang
(Vitali 1996 p. 547-548, Petech 1997 p. 231-232,
Davidson 2004 p. 69, Stoddard 2004 p. 89)
ca. 911-950 - Reign of bKra shis brtsegs pa dpal,
son of dPal 'khor btsan (born of a mChims queen?).
He stayed in central Tibet, but eventually had to withdraw to La stod,
in western gTsang.
(Vitali 1996 p. 548, Davidson 2004 p. 69,
Petech 1997 p. 231, Stoddard 2004 p. 90)
923 or 929 ? - Uprising in Tibet
(Stoddard 2004 p. 88)
923-937 - Later Tang dynasty in Northern China,
received a number of Tibetan embassies.
Among them, one was sent by a Tibetan chief called Sun Chao,
located in the eastern part of the Gansu corridor.
In 927 other Tibetan envoys came with four buddhist monks.
Several other Tibetan chieftains and emissaries were received
between 928 and 933
(Bielenstein 2005 p. 246-247)
936-947 - Later Jin dynasty in Northern China.
Tibetan embassies were received in 939 and 942,
the latter being from western Gansu (Bilenstein 2005 p. 247)
941 - Jiu Tangshu
947-951 - Later Han dynasty in Northern China,
received Tibetan envoys in 948
(Bilenstein 2005 p. 247).
ca. 950-975? - Rule of the sons of Nyi ma mgon,
the sTod kyi mgon gsum (three mgon of eastern Tibet):
- dPal gyi lde rig pa mgon in Mar yul
- bKra shis mgon in sPu hrang
- lDe gtsug mgon in Gu ge or Kinnaur, or Zangskar and Spiti
(Davidson 2004 p. 69, Petech 1997 p. 232)
951-960 - Later Zhou dynasty in northern China.
Received Tibetan envoys in 952,
some of them were sent by Zhebu jiashi,
successor of the Tibetan chief Sun Chao.
(Bilenstein 2005 p. 247)
ca. 959 or 975 ?-1000 ? - rules of 'Khor re and Srong nge
in western Tibet, the sons of bKras shis mgon and Pa tshab bza' or Cog ro bza’ (?)
One, Srong nge (or ‘Khor re?), became monk,
and was known as lHa bla ma ye shes 'od (d. 1024).
The other replaced his brother on the throne.
(Vitali 1996 p. 171-185, Davidson 2004 p. 69, Petech 1997 p. 233-234)
ca. 980-1000 - rule of the three sons of bKra shis brtsegs pa dpal
in central Tibet (smad kyi lde gsum) :
- dPal lde, rules in La stod glang lung btsan mkhar
- 'Od lde, ruled in dBus
- sKyid lde, ruled at rTa nag in g.Yas ru
(Davidson 2004 p. 69, Stoddard 2004 p. 90)
982-1227 - Tangut empire a.k.a. Xi xia a.k.a Mi nyag
founded by Toba Jiqian,
who died fighting the Tibetans in 1004
(Stoddard 1997 p. 76, 81-82)
ca. 996-1024 - reign of lHa lde po
in Gu ge sPu hrang, born from (‘Bro bza’?) Seng dkar ma
(Vitali 1996 p. 178, Petech 1997 p. 234,
Davidson 2004 p. 69)
ca. 1000? - Rule of Tsha na ye shes rgyal mtshan,
mnga' bdag of bSams yas, a descendant of Yum brtan.
(Hazod 2000 p. 181-182)
1006 or 1035 - Closure of the Dunhuang "library cave".
(Xinjiang 1999)
1027 - first Rab byung
(Vitali 1996 p. 545)
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